We have done three chapters of Noun- Kinds of nouns, Gender, Singular and Plural. Click on the link to read the chapters that have been done.Now we will understand what is Noun Case, Possessive case and more. Noun case is very important chapter. We have to know how to deal with it. So, lets get started.
The Noun : case
Let’s examine two sentences
1. Pihu threw a fruit.
2. The donkey kicked the girl.
In sentence one, the noun Pihu who is the Subject, it is the answer to the question? “who threw a fruit?” the group of words mentioned above the “ threw a fruit is predicate”.
NOTE: The part which tells something about the subject . This is called the Predicate of the sentence.
The predicate contains the verb threw.
NOTE: The part of the sentence in which we are talking about the names of the person or thing, this is called the subject of the sentence.
What did Pihu throw? A fruit. Fruit is the object. So, the noun Fruit is called the object.
In second sentence, the noun donkey is subject, it is the answer to the question, who kicked the girl? The noun girl is the object. It is the answer to the question, whom did the donkey kick?
2. When noun or pronoun is used as the subject of a verb (nominative case).
When a noun or pronoun is used as the object of a verb (objective or accusative case).
NOTE 1 : WHO or WHAT have to be put before the verb to find the nominative case.
NOTE 2 : Whom or What have to put before the verb to find the accusative or objective case.
3. If an noun comes after the preposition it will also come in an objective case.
Example, the bag is on table (NOUN).
The nominative case generally comes before the verb and the accusative objective case comes after the verb.
Example, 1. Megha broke the chair.
2. The chair was broken.
Now we talk about Direct object and Indirect object
1. Dev gave a pen.
2. Dev gave Neha a pen.
Now in the first sentence the noun pen is called the direct object and in the second sentence the noun Neha is called the indirect object of the verb gave.
In both sentence, we observed that the position of the indirect object is immediately after the verb and before the direct object.
Some more examples,
1. Will you do me a favour? = Will you do a favour to me?
2. Get me a cab. = Get a cab for me.
3. I bought Neha a bag. = I bought a bag for Neha.
We can see that the indirect object of the verb denotes the person to whom something is given, or for whom something is done.
Possessive Case
1. This is Megha's pen.
Megha's pen = The pen belonging to Megha.
So, megha’s denotes ownership or possession.
The noun Megha's is therefore said to be in the possessive or genitive case.
We put WHOSE to answer the possessive.
Whose pen? = Megha’s pen.
The possessive case does not always denote possession, it is used to denote kind, authorship, origin etc.
1. Pihu's school – the school where Pihu goes.
2. The Prime minister' s speech – the speech delivered by the prime minister.
3. Kalidasa's plays – the plays written by kalidasa.
How to form Possessive Case
1. Possessive Case is formed by adding 's to the singular noun.
The girl’s bench, the priya's bag, the queen's dress, etc.
NOTE : When there are many hissing sounds, th soe letter S is omitted.
For Justice' sake, for goodness’ sake, for Jesus' sake, etc.
2. When the noun is plural and ends in S then the possessive case is formed by simply adding apostrophe (') to the Noun.
Boys' school, girls' row, etc.
3. When the noun is plural but it does not end in S, then the possessive case is formed by adding ('s) to the noun.
Men's, Children’s park , women’s dresses, teeth's pain, etc.
4. When two nouns are closely connected then the possessive is put to the latter.
Pihu and priya's parlour, neha and Megha’s chamber, Karim and Smith’s bakery, etc.
5. Each of two or more connected nouns implying separate possession must take the possessive sign.
Dhruv's and Smith’s job, John’s and Peter’s company, raja Rao’s and R.K. Narayan's novels, etc.
How to use possessive case
1. The possessive case uses chiefly with the names of living things
such as
- Father’s job
- Mamma’s lunch
- The Lion’s Mane
- The governor’s Bodyguard, etc.
2. But we use possessive with the personified objects
For instance
- Fortune’s favorite
- At duty’s call
- India’s heroes
- At death’s door
- Nature’s laws, etc.
3. We use possessive case with nouns denoting time, space, weight
For example
- A week’s holiday
- A stone’s throw
- A foot's length
- A day’s March etc.
4. Some following phrases are also in common use
For instance,
- At his wit’s ends
- At his finger’s ends
- A Boat’s crew
- For Mercy's sake etc.
5. We use possessive case with nouns denoting a building or place of business
such as,
- He has gone to the baker’s (baker's shop)
- Tonight we are dining at my grandpa’s (Grandfather's house)
- He was educated at St. Joseph's (st. joseph's school), etc.
HINDI TRANSLATION
The Noun: case
दो वाक्यों की जांच करते हैं
1. Pihu threw a fruit.
2. The donkey kicked the girl.
पहले वाक्य में, संज्ञा पिहु जो विषय (subject) है, पीहू प्रश्न का उत्तर है? "किसने फल फेंका?" "ऊपर दिए गए वाक्य में "threw a fruit" group of words predicate है।
नोट: वह भाग जो विषय (subject) के बारे में कुछ बताता है। इसे वाक्य का predicate कहा जाता है।
predicate में verb 'threw' contain है।
नोट: वाक्य का वह भाग जिसमें हम व्यक्ति या चीज़ के नाम के बारे में बात कर रहे हैं, इसे वाक्य का विषय (subject) कहा जाता है।
What did Pihu throw? एक फल। फल object है। तो, संज्ञा फल को object कहा जायेगा।
दूसरे वाक्य में, संज्ञा गधा विषय (subject) है, यह इस सवाल का जवाब है कि लड़की को किसने मारा?
संज्ञा लड़की वस्तु (object) है। यह सवाल का जवाब है कि गधे ने किसको मारा?
2. जब संज्ञा (noun) या सर्वनाम(pronoun) का उपयोग क्रिया के विषय के रूप में किया जाता है।(Nominative case) कहलाता है।
जब एक संज्ञा(noun) या सर्वनाम(pronoun) का उपयोग क्रिया(verb) के object के रूप में किया जाता है।(objective or accusative case) कहलाता है।
नोट 1: WHO या WHAT को Nominative case को खोजने के लिए क्रिया (verb) से पहले रखा जाना चाहिए।
नोट 2: Whom or What को objective case को खोजने के लिए क्रिया(verb ) से पहले रखा जाता है ।
3. यदि एक संज्ञा(noun) पूर्वसर्ग(Preposition) के बाद आती है तो यह एक objective मामले में भी आएगी।
Example, the bag is on table (NOUN).
Nominative case आम तौर पर क्रिया(verb) से पहले आता है और objective or accusative case क्रिया(verb) के बाद आता है।
Example, 1. Megha broke the chair.
2. The chair was broken.
अब हम डायरेक्ट ऑब्जेक्ट और इनडायरेक्ट ऑब्जेक्ट के बारे में बात करते हैं।
1. Dev gave a pen.
2. Dev gave Neha a pen
पहले वाक्य में संज्ञा(noun) Pen को Direct Object कहा जाता है और दूसरे वाक्य में संज्ञा(noun) नेहा Indirect Object है verb gave की।
दूसरे वाक्य में, हमने देखा कि Indirect Object की स्थिति verb के तुरंत बाद और direct Object से पहले है।
Some more examples,
1. Will you do me a favour? = Will you do a favour to me?
2. Get me a cab. = Get a cab for me.
3. I bought Neha a bag. = I bought a bag for Neha.
हम देख सकते हैं कि verb का Indirect Object उस व्यक्ति को दर्शाती है जिसे कुछ दिया गया है, या जिसके लिए कुछ किया गया है।
Possessive Case
1. This is Megha's pen.
Megha's pen = The pen belonging to Megha.
इसलिए, Megha's स्वामित्व या कब्जे को दर्शाता है।
इससे genitive case कहा जाता है ।
अगर हमे यह जानना है की यह possessive case है तो हम WHOSE का उपयोग करते है ।
Whose pen? = Megha's pen.
Possessive case हमेशा कब्जे को नहीं दर्शाता है, इसका इस्तेमाल kind, authorship, origin e आदि को दर्शाने के लिए भी किया जाता है।
1. Pihu's school – the school where Pihu goes.
2. The Prime minister' s speech – the speech delivered by the prime minister.
3. Kalidasa's plays – the plays written by kalidasa.
Possessive case कैसे बनाये।
1. एकवचन संज्ञा में जोड़कर पॉसेसिव केस बनता है।
The girl’s bench, the priya's bag, the queen's dress, etc.
नोट: जब कई hissing ध्वनियां होती हैं, तो S अक्षर छोड़ा जाता है।
For Justice' sake, for goodness’ sake, for Jesus' sake, etc.
2. जब संज्ञा बहुवचन होती है और S में समाप्त हो जाती है, तो possessive case केवल apostrophe (') को संज्ञा में जोड़कर बनता है।
Boys' school, girls' row, etc.
3. जब संज्ञा बहुवचन होती है लेकिन यह S में समाप्त नहीं होती है, तो संज्ञा के साथ ('s) जुड़कर possessive case बनता है।
Men's, Children’s park , women’s dresses, teeth's pain, etc.
4. जब दो संज्ञाओं को closely connect किया जाता है तो बाद वाली noun में ('s) जुड़ता है। ।
Pihu and Priya's parlour, Neha and Megha’s chamber, Karim and Smith’s bakery, etc.
5. दो या अधिक जुड़े संज्ञाओं में से प्रत्येक पर अलग-अलग कब्ज़ा करने का अधिकार होना चाहिए।
Dhruv's and Smith’s job, John’s and Peter’s company, raja Rao’s and R.K. Narayan's novels, etc.
How to use possessive case
1. Possessive case का उपयोग मुख्य रूप से जीवित चीजों के नाम के साथ किया जाता है।
जैसे कि Father’s job, Mamma’s lunch, The Lion’s Mane, The governor’s Bodyguard, etc.
2. लेकिन हम Personified objects
जैसे Fortune’s favorite, At duty’s call, India’s heroes, At death’s door, Nature’s laws आदि के साथ उपयोग करते हैं।
3. हम समय, स्थान, वजन जैसे संज्ञाओं
जैसे A week’s holiday , A stone’s throw, A foot's length, A day’s March आदि के साथ उपयोग करते हैं।
4. कुछ निम्नलिखित Phrases भी आम उपयोग में हैं।
जैसे, At his wit’s ends, At his finger’s ends, A Boat’s crew, For Mercy's sake etc.
5. हम एक इमारत या व्यवसाय के स्थान को दर्शाते हुए संज्ञाओं के साथ Possessive case का प्रयोग करते हैं।
जैसे कि
- He has gone to the baker’s (baker's shop)
- Tonight we are dining at my grandpa’s (Grandfather's house)
- He was educated at St. Joseph's (st. joseph's school), etc.
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